By Dr. Shaheen Akhtar, Consultant – Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Hospital, Mysuru

Gynaecological issues can occur at any time in a girl or woman’s life, from the onset of menstruation to menopause. They encompass a variety of diseases, disorders or infections that affect the ovaries and uterus to the vagina and fallopian tubes.

Reproductive health and gynaecological problems are tightly linked. If ignored as something trivial and left untreated, these problems may lead to severe complications, including infertility. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the symptoms, underlying causes and accessible treatments for these problems and seek appropriate medical attention for early diagnosis and effective management.

Menstrual Disorder

Deviation from the regular menstrual cycle is known as menstrual disorder. These are mainly caused by hormonal imbalances, thyroid conditions or Poly-Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

Symptoms can include irregular menstrual periods, insomnia (amenorrhea) or severe chronic bleeding. Treatment varies depending on the cause, including hormone therapy, contraception, surgery or intervention.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

In recent years, PCOS has emerged as the most common gynaecological disorder affecting women worldwide. In India alone, around 3.7% to 22.5% of women have PCOS. Due to hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance, there is a fluid-filled pocket in uterus.

Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, excess facial hair and weight gain. Although there is no cure, treatments focus on managing symptoms through medication and lifestyle changes.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis involves abnormal growth of uterine lining tissue outside the uterus, leading to painful periods, pelvic pain and infertility.

Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms with pain medications, hormonal therapies and surgical removal of tissue.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

PID is an infection caused by bacteria spreading from the vagina to the reproductive organs, often starting with STIs like chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vaginal discharge and fever. Early treatment with antibiotics is crucial to prevent complications.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

UTIs, commonly caused by E.coli bacteria lead to painful urination, frequent urination and pelvic pain. Treatment involves antibiotics and increased fluid intake.

Vaginal Infections

Fungal and bacterial infections can cause itching, burning and abnormal discharge. Treatment depends on the cause and may include anti-fungal or antibiotic medications.

Uterine Fibroids

Benign tumours in the uterus, fibroids cause pelvic pain, heavy periods and infertility. Treatment options include pain management, hormonal therapy and surgical removal.

Ovarian Cysts

Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries can cause pelvic pain and menstrual irregularities. Monitoring with ultrasound is common and treatment may involve hormonal contraceptives or surgical removal.

In conclusion, understanding the signs, causes and treatment options for gynaecological issues is essential for effective management. Regular gynaecological exams are vital for early detection and prevention. Taking proactive steps toward reproductive health can help address these concerns and preserve fertility.